Trade wars refer to a situation where countries impose tariffs or other trade barriers on each other in retaliation for perceived unfair trade practices or to protect domestic industries. These measures often escalate, leading to a cycle of retaliation that can harm global trade, disrupt supply chains, and increase the cost of goods. Trade wars can result from disputes over issues like intellectual property rights, trade deficits, or market access. Notable examples include the U.S.-China trade war, where both countries imposed tariffs on billions of dollars’ worth of goods. While trade wars may protect certain industries, they often lead to broader economic instability and reduced international cooperation.